Back openDesk Edu for a sovereign, open-source education — every vote counts.
Vote nowSave products you love by clicking the heart icon.
Complete guide to the LPI DevOps Tools Engineer certification (701-100): exam objectives, study resources, and how it relates to traditional LPI certifications.
Compare LPIC-1 exam 101-500 and 102-500: topic breakdown, difficulty, overlap, and whether you should take them together or separately.
Die LPIC-1 101-500 Prüfung ist die erste von zwei erforderlichen Prüfungen für die LPIC-1 Zertifizierung. Sie umfasst die Systemarchitektur, Linux-Installation und Paketmanagement, GNU- und Unix-Befehle, Geräte und Dateisysteme sowie den Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.
Dieser Leitfaden bietet eine detaillierte Aufschlüsselung nach Lernzielen mit Befehlen, Konfigurationsbeispielen und prüfungsrelevanten Details, die Sie kennen müssen.
Wichtige Befehle und Dateien:
lspci
lspci -v # Verbose
lspci -vv # Very verbose with capabilities
lspci -nn # Show vendor/device IDs as numbers
lspci -s 00:02.0 # Filter by bus address
# List USB devices
lsusb
lsusb -v # Verbose
lsusb -t # Tree view
# List block devices
lsblk
lsblk -f # Filesystem info
lsblk -m # Permissions and owner
# Display kernel ring buffer (boot messages)
dmesg
dmesg | grep -i usb # Filter USB-related messages
dmesg | grep -i error # Filter errors
dmesg -w # Watch for new messages (like tail -f)
# View and manage kernel modules
lsmod # List loaded modules
modinfo module_name # Display module information
modprobe module_name # Load module with dependency resolution
modprobe -r module_name # Remove module
insmod /path/to/module.ko # Load module directly (no deps)
rmmod module_name # Remove module
Wichtige Dateien:
/proc/interrupts — IRQ-Zuweisungen/proc/ioports — I/O-Port-Adressen/proc/dma — DMA-Kanalzuweisungen/sys/ — sysfs, Geräte- und Treiberinformationen in BaumstrukturModulkonfiguration:
# List modules loaded automatically at boot
cat /etc/modules
# Blacklist a module
echo "blacklist pcspkr" > /etc/modprobe.d/disable-beep.conf
# Module options
echo "options 8250 nr_uarts=4" > /etc/modprobe.d/8250.conf
Hotplug-Geräte: Modernes Linux verwendet udev. Geräteregeln werden in /etc/udev/rules.d/ gespeichert. Regeln werden mit udevadm control --reload-rules neu geladen.
Coldplug-Geräte: Werden zum Zeitpunkt des Bootens verbunden. Erkennung erfolgt während der Kernel-Initialisierung.
Ablauf des Boot-Prozesses:
/boot/grub/grub.cfgGRUB 2 Befehle:
# Install GRUB
grub-install /dev/sda
# Generate configuration
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
# Manual boot entry configuration
cat /etc/default/grub
# GRUB_TIMEOUT=5
# GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="quiet splash"
Boot-Parameter:
# Common kernel boot parameters
single # Single-user mode (recovery)
root=/dev/sda2 # Specify root partition
ro # Mount root read-only initially
rw # Mount root read-write
init=/bin/bash # Use custom init
nomodeset # Disable kernel mode setting
acpi=off # Disable ACPI
Init und Runlevels (SysV):
| Runlevel | Zweck |
|---|---|
| 0 | Halt |
| 1 | Single-User-Modus |
| 2 | Multi-User (kein Netzwerk, Debian/Ubuntu Standard) |
| 3 | Multi-User (Textmodus, RHEL Standard) |
| 4 | Undefiniert/benutzerdefiniert |
| 5 | Multi-User mit GUI |
| 6 | Reboot |
# Runlevel ändern
telinit 1
init 1
runlevel who -r
**Systemd targets (replaces runlevels):**
| Target | Runlevel Alias | Purpose |
| ----------------- | -------------- | --------------- |
| poweroff.target | 0 | Power off |
| rescue.target | 1 | Single-user |
| multi-user.target | 3 | Multi-user text |
| graphical.target | 5 | Multi-user GUI |
| reboot.target | 6 | Reboot |
```bash
# Standard-Target setzen
systemctl set-default multi-user.target
# Jetzt zum Target wechseln
systemctl isolate multi-user.target
# Aktuelles Target anzeigen
systemctl get-default
Shutdown and reboot:
shutdown -h now # Sofort anhalten
shutdown -r +5 # In 5 Minuten neu starten
shutdown -c # Geplanten Shutdown abbrechen
reboot # Jetzt neu starten
halt # System anhalten
poweroff # Ausschalten
systemctl reboot # Neustart (systemd)
systemctl poweroff # Ausschalten (systemd)
Already covered above. Additional commands:
# Wer ist angemeldet
who
w
users
# Benutzer über Shutdown benachrichtigen
wall "System wird in 5 Minuten heruntergefahren"
shutdown -k +5 "Wartung in 5 Minuten" # Nur Warnung, kein Shutdown
# Alternative: Message of the Day
cat /etc/motd
Partitioning considerations:
/boot — typically 512 MB–1 GB, must be accessible by GRUB/ (root) — core system, minimum 10-20 GB/home — user data, allocate remaining space/var — logs and spool, separate partition prevents fill-up from crashing systemswap — swap space, traditionally 2× RAM, modern systems 1× RAM or less with hibernation supportPartition table types:
| Type | Max Disks | Max Partition Size | Legacy Support |
|---|---|---|---|
| MBR | 2 TB | 2 TB | Universal |
| GPT | No limit | 9.4 ZB | UEFI required for boot |
Partitioning tools:
fdisk /dev/sda # MBR-Partitionierung (legacy)
gdisk /dev/sda # GPT-Partitionierung
parted /dev/sda # Sowohl MBR als auch GPT
parted /dev/sda mklabel gpt # GPT-Label erstellen
parted /dev/sda mkpart primary ext4 1MiB 100GiB # Partition erstellen
Swap management:
# Swap-Datei erstellen
dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1M count=4096
chmod 600 /swapfile
mkswap /swapfile
swapon /swapfile
# Zu /etc/fstab hinzufügen
echo "/swapfile none swap sw 0 0" >> /etc/fstab
# Swap-Nutzung anzeigen
swapon --show
free -h
GRUB 2 configuration hierarchy:
/etc/default/grub # Hauptkonfigurationsdatei
/etc/grub.d/ # In grub.cfg zusammengeführte Skripte
00_header # Basiseinstellungen
10_linux # Linux-Einträge
30_os-prober # Einträge anderer Betriebssysteme
40_custom # Benutzerdefinierte Einträge
/boot/grub/grub.cfg # Generierte Konfiguration (nicht direkt bearbeiten)
Interaktiver GRUB-Boot:
Drücken Sie während des Bootvorgangs Shift (BIOS) oder Esc (UEFI), um das GRUB-Menü aufzurufen. Drücken Sie e, um den Eintrag zu bearbeiten. Häufige Anpassungen:
single am Ende der linux-Zeile für den Single-User-Modus hinzuro zu rw für das frühzeitige Read-Write-MountingGRUB mit Passwort schützen:
grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2
# Enter password, copy hash
# Create /etc/grub.d/01_password:
cat <<EOF > /etc/grub.d/01_password
cat <<EOF
set superusers="admin"
password_pbkdf2 admin grub.pbkdf2.sha512.10000.HASH...
EOF
chmod +x /etc/grub.d/01_password
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
# List shared libraries
ldconfig -p | grep libssl
# Display library dependencies of a binary
ldd /bin/ls
ldd /usr/bin/nginx
# Configure library path
cat /etc/ld.so.conf
# Include files from /etc/ld.so.conf.d/*.conf
# Add custom path
echo /usr/local/lib > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/local.conf
ldconfig # Update cache
# LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/mylib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
# Important library dirs
ls /lib
ls /usr/lib
ls /usr/local/lib
dpkg-Befehle:
# Install
dpkg -i package.deb
# Remove (keep config)
dpkg -r packagename
# Purge (remove config too)
dpkg -P packagename
# List installed
dpkg -l
dpkg -l | grep nginx
# Query
dpkg -L packagename # List files installed by a package
dpkg -S /bin/ls # Which package owns this file
dpkg -s packagename # Package status
dpkg -p packagename # Package info from the .deb
# Reconfigure
dpkg-reconfigure packagename
APT-Befehle:
# Update package index
apt update
# Upgrade all packages
apt upgrade
apt dist-upgrade # Upgrades with dependency changes
apt full-upgrade # Same as dist-upgrade
# Install/remove
apt install nginx
apt remove nginx
apt purge nginx
apt autoremove # Remove orphaned dependencies
# Search
apt search webserver
apt show nginx
# Cache
apt-cache search keyword
apt-cache show packagename
apt-cache depends packagename # Dependencies
apt-cache rdepends packagename # Reverse dependencies
# Package states
apt-mark hold packagename # Prevent upgrade
apt-mark unhold packagename
apt-mark showhold
APT-Konfiguration:
cat /etc/apt/sources.list
# deb http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal main restricted
ls /etc/apt/sources.list.d/
cat /etc/apt/preferences # Pinning
add-apt-repository ppa:graphics-drivers/ppa
**Key Debian directories:**
- `/var/cache/apt/archives/` — Downloaded .deb files
- `/var/lib/dpkg/` — dpkg database
### 102.5 Use RPM and YUM Package Management
**RPM commands:**
```bash
# Installieren
rpm -ivh package.rpm # Verbose, Hash-Fortschritt
# Upgrade
rpm -Uvh package.rpm
# Entfernen
rpm -e packagename
# Abfragen
rpm -q nginx # Ist Paket installiert
rpm -qa # Alle installierten Pakete
rpm -qa | grep nginx
rpm -ql nginx # Dateien auflisten
rpm -qf /etc/nginx/nginx.conf # Welches Paket besitzt die Datei
rpm -qi nginx # Paketinformationen
rpm -qd nginx # Dokumentationsdateien
rpm -qR nginx # Anforderungen (Abhängigkeiten)
rpm -q --changelog nginx # Changelog
# Verifizieren
rpm -V nginx # Geänderte Dateien seit der Installation
rpm -Va # Alle Pakete
YUM (Yellowdog Update Manager):
yum update
yum install nginx
yum remove nginx
yum search nginx
yum info nginx
yum list installed | grep nginx
yum provides /etc/nginx/nginx.conf # Welches Paket stellt die Datei bereit
yum groupinstall "Web Server"
yum repolist
DNF (next-gen YUM, Fedora/RHEL 8+):
dnf update
dnf install nginx
dnf remove nginx
dnf search nginx
dnf info nginx
dnf list installed
dnf provides /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
dnf group install "Web Server"
dnf repolist
dnf history
dnf autoremove
Key RPM directories:
/var/lib/rpm/ — RPM database/etc/yum.repos.d/ — YUM repository configs/etc/dnf/dnf.conf — DNF configHypervisor types:
| Type | Description | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Type 1 | Bare-metal | VMware ESXi, KVM, Xen, Hyper-V |
| Type 2 | Hosted | VirtualBox, VMware Workstation |
KVM/QEMU:
# CPU-Virtualisierungsunterstützung prüfen
grep -E "(vmx|svm)" /proc/cpuinfo
kvm-ok
# VM erstellen
virt-install \
--name ubuntu-vm \
--ram 2048 \
--vcpus 2 \
--disk size=20 \
--cdrom ubuntu.iso
# VMs auflisten
virsh list
virsh list --all
virsh start vm-name
virsh shutdown vm-name
virsh destroy vm-name # Erzwingen des Ausschaltens
# Virtualisierung auf Container-Ebene
lxc-checkconfig
docker ps
podman ps
# Basis-Befehle
echo $PATH
echo "Hello $USER"
type command_name # Zeigt Befehlstyp an (builtin, alias, path)
which command_name # Zeigt den vollständigen Pfad an
alias ll='ls -l'
unalias ll
unalias -a # Alle Aliase entfernen
history
history -c # Verlauf löschen
!100 # Befehl 100 aus dem Verlauf erneut ausführen
!! # Letzten Befehl erneut ausführen
Shell expansions:
echo {1..10} # Brace expansion: 1 2 3 ...
echo {a,b,c}.txt # a.txt b.txt c.txt
echo ~ # Home-Verzeichnis
echo ~user # Home-Verzeichnis des Benutzers
echo $(date) # Command substitution
echo `date` # Veraltete Command substitution
echo $((2 + 3)) # Arithmetische Expansion
Quoting:
echo "Variable: $HOME" # Variable wird expandiert
echo 'Literal: $HOME' # Keine Expansion
echo "Escape: \$HOME" # Escaped
cat # Dateien verketten und anzeigen
tac # Umgekehrte Reihenfolge (letzte Zeile zuerst)
head -n 5 file
tail -n 10 file
tail -f /var/log/syslog # Follow (Live-Updates)
less /var/log/syslog # Pager mit Suchfunktion
more /var/log/syslog # Einfacher Pager
nl file # Zeilen nummerieren
od file # Octal-Dump
sort file # Zeilen sortieren
sort -r # Umgekehrte Sortierung
sort -n # Numerische Sortierung
sort -u # Eindeutig (wie sort | uniq)
sort -k2 # Sortierung nach dem 2. Feld
uniq # Benachbarte Duplikate filtern
uniq -c # Zeilen mit Anzahl präfixen
uniq -d # Nur Duplikate ausgeben
cut -d: -f1 /etc/passwd # Erstes Feld extrahieren
cut -c1-5 file # Erste 5 Zeichen extrahieren
paste file1 file2 # Zeilen nebeneinander zusammenführen
join file1 file2 # Zeilen über ein gemeinsames Feld verbinden
expand file # Tabs in Leerzeichen konvertieren
unexpand file # Leerzeichen in Tabs konvertieren
wc -l file # Zeilenanzahl
wc -w file # Wortanzahl
wc -c file # Byte-Anzahl
tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' < file # Zeichen übersetzen (Großbuchstaben)
tr -d '\n' < file # Zeilenumbrüche löschen
tr -s ' ' < file # Mehrfache Leerzeichen reduzieren
rev # Jede Zeile umkehren
# Kopieren, Verschieben, Löschen
cp source dest
cp -r sourcedir destdir
cp -a sourcedir destdir # Archiv (Attribute beibehalten)
cp -p source dest # Zeitstempel beibehalten
mv source dest
rm file
rm -r dir
rm -f file # Erzwingen (ohne Abfrage)
rmdir emptydir
# Dateien auflisten
ls
ls -l # Langformat
ls -a # Alle Dateien (inklusive .)
ls -la
ls -lh # Menschenlesbare Dateigrößen
ls -lS # Nach Größe sortieren
ls -lt # Nach Zeit sortieren
ls -R # Rekursiv
# Dateibaum
tree
# Verzeichnisse erstellen
mkdir dir
mkdir -p parent/child # Elternverzeichnisse mit erstellen
File timestamps:
touch file # Datei erstellen oder Zeitstempel aktualisieren
touch -t 202601010000 file # Spezifischen Zeitstempel setzen
stat file # Alle Datei-Statistiken anzeigen
ls -l --time=atime file # Zugriffszeit (Access time)
ls -l --time=ctime file # Änderungszeit (Change time)
# atime vs mtime vs ctime
# atime: access time (gelesen)
# mtime: modification time (Inhalt geändert)
# ctime: change time (Metadaten oder Inhalt geändert)
Dateien finden:
find / -name "*.conf" -type f
find / -size +100M
find / -mtime -7 # Modified in last 7 days
find / -user weiss
find / -perm 644
find / -exec ls -l {} \;
find / -ok rm {} \; # Prompts before executing
locate nginx.conf # Fast database search
updatedb # Update locate database
which command_name # Search PATH
whereis command_name # Binary, source, man page locations
File-Deskriptoren:
| Nummer | Name | Standard-Bindung |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | stdin | Tastatur |
| 1 | stdout | Terminal |
| 2 | stderr | Terminal |
Beispiele für Redirects:
command > file # stdout to file (overwrite)
command >> file # stdout to file (append)
command 2> file # stderr to file
command 2>> file # stderr append
command &> file # Both stdout and stderr
command 2>&1 # stderr to stdout
command > file 2>&1 # Combined redirect
command > /dev/null # Discard stdout
command 2> /dev/null # Discard stderr
# Pipes
command1 | command2
command1 |& command2 # Pipe both stdout and stderr
# Tee (write to file and stdout)
command | tee file
command | tee -a file # Append
command | tee file1 file2 file3
# Here documents
cat <<EOF > file
line 1
line 2
EOF
# Process listing
ps aux
ps -ef
ps axo pid,user,%cpu,%mem,command
# Process tree
pstree
pstree -p # With PIDs
# Top-like tools
top
htop
atop
# Job control
jobs # Background jobs
bg %1 # Resume job 1 in background
fg %1 # Bring job 1 to foreground
Ctrl+Z # Suspend foreground job
Ctrl+C # Terminate foreground job
# Signal table
# 1 HUP (hang up)
# 2 INT (interrupt - Ctrl+C)
# 3 QUIT (quit)
# 9 KILL (force kill)
# 15 TERM (terminate - default)
# 18 CONT (continue)
# 19 STOP (stop/suspend)
# 20 TSTP (stop from tty - Ctrl+Z)
kill PID # Send SIGTERM
kill -9 PID # Send SIGKILL
killall process_name # Kill by name
pkill process_name # Kill by name pattern
pgrep process_name # PID by name
nice -n 10 command # Start with lower priority (-20 to 19)
renice -n 5 -p 1234 # Change priority of running process
/proc-Dateisystem:
cat /proc/cpuinfo # CPU info
cat /proc/meminfo # Memory info
cat /proc/version # Kernel version
ls /proc/PID/ # Per-process information
cat /proc/PID/environ # Process environment
cat /proc/PID/cmdline # Process command line
cat /proc/PID/fd/ # Open file descriptors
Bereits unter 103.5 behandelt. Wichtige nice/renice-Details für die Prüfung:
# Start firefox with low priority
nice -n 19 firefox
# Check nice value
ps -l PID # NI column
top # NI column
# Change priority of PID 1234
renice -n 5 -p 1234
renice -n -5 -u root # Change all root processes
# grep basics
grep pattern file
grep -i pattern file # Case insensitive
grep -v pattern file # Inverted (lines NOT matching)
grep -c pattern file # Count matches
grep -n pattern file # Show line numbers
grep -r pattern dir/ # Recursive
grep -l pattern dir/* # Show only filenames
grep -E "pattern" file # Extended regex
grep -P "pattern" file # Perl-compatible regex (PCRE)
# sed basics
sed 's/old/new/' file # Replace first occurrence per line
sed 's/old/new/g' file # Replace all occurrences
sed 's/old/new/2' file # Replace 2nd occurrence
sed '/pattern/d' file # Delete matching lines
sed -n '/pattern/p' file # Print only matching lines
sed -i 's/old/new/g' file # In-place edit
sed '1,10d' file # Delete lines 1-10
# Basic regex metacharacters
# . any single character
# * zero or more of previous
# + one or more of previous (ERE)
# ? zero or one of previous (ERE)
# ^ start of line
# $ end of line
# [] character class
# [^] negated character class
# \(\) group (BRE)
# () group (ERE)
# \| alternation (ERE)
# vi/vim modes
# Normal mode: navigation, copy, paste, delete
# Insert mode: text entry (i, a, o)
# Command mode: :w, :q, :q!, :wq, :set
vi basics:
i # Enter insert mode
Esc # Back to normal mode
:w # Save
:q # Quit
:wq # Save and quit
:q! # Quit without saving
h/j/k/l # Cursor movement
x # Delete character
dd # Delete line
yy # Yank (copy) line
p # Paste after
P # Paste before
u # Undo
Ctrl+r # Redo
/pattern # Search forward
?pattern # Search backward
n # Next match
N # Previous match
:%s/old/new/g # Search and replace all
:set nu # Show line numbers
:set ic # Case-insensitive search
gg # Go to first line
G # Go to last line
:NUM # Go to line NUM
# Partition table management
fdisk /dev/sda
gdisk /dev/sda
parted /dev/sda
# Create filesystem
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1
mkfs.xfs /dev/sda2
mkfs.btrfs /dev/sda3
mkfs.vfat /dev/sda4
# Swap
mkswap /dev/sda5
# Filesystem check
fsck /dev/sda1
fsck.ext4 /dev/sda1
fsck -N /dev/sda1 # Dry run
fsck -y /dev/sda1 # Auto yes
# Filesystem info
blkid /dev/sda1
tune2fs -l /dev/sda1 # ext2/3/4 superblock info
dumpe2fs /dev/sda1 # All superblock and block group info
# Check filesystem usage
df -h
df -T # Show filesystem type
df -i # Inode usage
# Check directory size
du -sh /home
du -sh * | sort -h # Size of each item, sorted
du -hc --max-depth=1 /home
# Check for errors
fsck
smartctl -a /dev/sda # S.M.A.R.T. disk health
badblocks -v /dev/sda # Scan for bad blocks
# Mount
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
mount -t ext4 /dev/sda1 /mnt
mount -o ro /dev/sda1 /mnt # Read-only
mount -o noexec /dev/sda1 /mnt # No execution
mount -o loop image.iso /mnt # Loop device (ISO)
# Unmount
umount /mnt
umount /dev/sda1
umount -l /mnt # Lazy unmount (when device busy)
# View mounts
mount
mount | grep /dev/sda
findmnt # Tree view
# /etc/fstab format
# <device> <mountpoint> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
# /dev/sda1 / ext4 defaults 0 1
# UUID=xxx /boot ext4 defaults 0 2
# //server/share /mnt/smb cifs credentials=/etc/smb.txt,uid=1000 0 0
# 192.168.1.1:/export /mnt/nfs nfs4 defaults 0 0
# Mount all fstab entries
mount -a
# Check what's using a filesystem
fuser -v /mnt # Show processes using /mnt
lsof /mnt # List open files on /mnt
# Enable quotas in fstab
# /dev/sda1 /home ext4 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 0 1
# Create quota files
quotacheck -avug
quotacheck -cvm /home # Create quota database
# Set quotas
edquota -u username
edquota -g groupname
edquota -p user1 user2 user3 # Copy quota profile
repquota -a # Report quota usage
# Quota commands
quota username
quota -v # Verbose
quotastats
# Permission notation
# rwx rwx rwx = 421 421 421
# user group other
chmod 755 file # rwxr-xr-x
chmod u+x file # Add execute for user
chmod g=rw file # Set group to rw
chmod o-r file # Remove read from others
chmod -R 755 dir/ # Recursive
chown user:group file
chown user file
chown :group file
chown -R user:group dir/
# Special permissions
chmod u+s file # SUID (4xxx) - execute as file owner
chmod g+s file # SGID (2xxx) - execute as group
chmod +t dir/ # Sticky bit (1xxx) - only owner can delete
chmod 1777 /tmp # rwxrwxrwt
chmod 4755 /usr/bin/sudo # rwsr-xr-x
# umask
umask # Show current mask
umask 022 # Default permissions: 755 for dirs, 644 for files
# umask subtracts from 777 (dirs) or 666 (files)
# Hard link (same inode, same filesystem only)
ln target link_name
# Symbolic link (any filesystem, can point to directories)
ln -s target link_name
# Identify links
ls -li # Show inode number
stat file # Inode and link count
readlink link_name # Show symlink target
Wichtigste Unterschiede:
| Aspekt | Hard Link | Symbolic Link |
|---|---|---|
| Inode | Gleich | Unterschiedlich |
| Dateisystemübergreifend | Nein | Ja |
| Verzeichnis-Ziel | Nein | Ja |
| Defektes Ziel | Bleibt gültig | Wird ungültig |
| Größe auf Disk | 0 | Pfadlänge |
rm target | Link bleibt | Link bricht |
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS):
| Verzeichnis | Zweck |
|---|---|
/ | Root-Dateisystem |
/bin | Essenzielle Benutzer-Binaries (Symlink zu /usr/bin in modernen Systemen) |
/sbin | System-Binaries (Symlink zu /usr/sbin) |
/etc | Konfigurationsdateien |
/home | Benutzer-Home-Verzeichnisse |
/root | Home-Verzeichnis des Root-Benutzers |
/var | Variable Daten (Logs, Spool, temporär) |
/tmp | Temporäre Dateien (beim Booten gelöscht) |
/boot | Bootloader-Dateien, Kernel-Images |
/dev | Gerätedateien |
/proc | Prozess- und Kernel-Informationen (virtuell) |
/sys | Geräte- und Treiber-Informationen (virtuell) |
/lib | Gemeinsame Bibliotheken (Symlink zu /usr/lib) |
/opt | Add-on-Anwendungspakete |
/srv | Servicedaten (z. B. Webserver-Dateien) |
/media | Mount-Points für Wechselmedien |
/mnt | Temporäre Mount-Points |
/usr | Sekundäre Hierarchie (schreibgeschützte Benutzerdaten) |
/usr/local | Lokal kompilierte Software |
# Find files
locate pattern
find / -name "filename"
which command_name
whereis command_name
# Library and system file search
ldconfig -p | grep library_name
dpkg -S filename # Which package installed this (Debian)
rpm -qf filename # Which package installed this (RHEL)
man -k keyword (apropos) zum Finden von Befehlen, man 5 crontab für Formate von Konfigurationsdateien.Bereit, dieses Wissen auf die Probe zu stellen? Die interaktive LPI-Übungsplattform auf courses.graphwiz.ai enthält über 400 realistische Fragen zu den Zertifizierungen LPIC-1, LPIC-2, LPIC-3 und DevOps Tools Engineer — inklusive Lernmodus, zeitgesteuerten Prüfungen, Domain-Auswertungen, Schwachstellenanalyse und Spaced-Repetition-Flashcards.
Jetzt üben auf courses.graphwiz.ai →